CRJS300 U3IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRJS300 U3IP - Research Paper Example The judicial branches of the federal state and federal government apply and interpret the law. The two systems are independent of the legislative and executive branches of government. The dual court of system was inherited during the colonial period. By 1789 when the U.S first mandated its constitution, the thirteen colonies had their own court system relating to the English way. The two systems developed alongside each other exercising their legal powers concurrently and at times overlapping the jurisdiction of one another. The federal system is less complicated compared to the state system. According to the U.S Constitution Article 111, it states that the Supreme Court has the highest judicial power in the United States. The federal judiciary has three main branches. The district courts are directly after the federal courts and deals with cases alleged to violating federal laws or constitution, cases involving federal states or government, maritime disputes, and cases involving citizens of different countries, foreign government or cases involving citizens of different states. The district court is made up of ninety-two district and has one bench in each of the fifty states and one in Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. These districts courts have over twenty judges. The president appoints judges. The United State court of appeals comes before the district court. They are higher than district court. They deal with matters involving appeals, cases of Exchange Commission Securities. The court of appeal is made up of eleven judicial in the fifty states of America and one in Columbia District. Each of the eleven circuits consists of six to twenty seven judges. Supreme Court is the highest in the federal system of the United State of America (Kusha, 2013). This is the only court mandated by the constitution. This court has consisted of Eight Associate Judges and One Judge

History of pubilc procurement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of pubilc procurement - Term Paper Example It is also considered as the main element in the way public funds are utilized, hence enhancing public trust in procurement (Beth & OECD 19). Public procurement has been in existence since 1778 and has led to the implementation of public procurement law, which regulates the purchasing made by public sectors that contract goods, services and work. Public procurement is regulated in most countries to avoid corruption, fraud, and waste; indeed, public tenders are issued by a public authority when the value of procurement exceeds the required threshold. Today, public procurement is becoming more complex, forcing the public procurement officials to deal with the changing issues based on fairness, transparency, integrity, and equity, which are the principles of public procurement (Beth & OECD 18). The History of Public Procurement According to Thai (13), the first purchasing action was conducted in 1778, with the approval of the continental congress on the appointment of purchasing commiss ionaires. By the end of that year, the purchasing officers had been placed on a salary, with an aim of avoiding fraud. The congress thereafter passed a Purchasing Act, which permitted war and treasury departments to make purchases in the name of the United States. The first procurement was made in 1794 for the new United States navy; however, this procurement was accompanied by negative experiences, which led to the implementation of purveyor of Public Supplies Act, a procurement legislation that was the basis for military procurement. Misconducts and fraud cases led to the implementation of Public Contract Act of 1808, which warned members of the congress from using government contracts for personal interest (Thai 13). In the United States, public procurement organizations vary with the size of the government units; however, it has a complicated procurement structure. The federal procurement operates within a democratic framework, which is under the legislative, judiciary, and exec utive branches. Nevertheless, the courts are not involved in setting procurement policies and rules; however, they try the legal cases that involve contract disputes. The congress passes the laws that establish procurement policies and procedures; it also allocates specified funds for the procurement purposes within the time required (Thai 19). Public procurement also encounters several challenges. This function has a great impact on the country’s economy; hence, efficient handling of public procurement has proved to be a challenge. Ensuring that the principles of public procurement are followed to the later is also a challenging task. This includes ensuring that fair competition for the bidders is granted, promoting transparency, and ensuring that the allocated loans are used for the specified purposes only. Thirdly, public procurement is associated with fraud, waste, and corruption, hence a major challenge for a country. In addition, public procurement practitioners face th e challenge of complying with their home government regulations without violating the international trade agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO). Today, the government has enacted several laws pertaining to public procurement, among them being the Public Act whose aim is to enact laws relating to public contracts. An example is the federal acquisition regulation and agency, which provides uniform procedures for federal agency acquisitions. The Truth in Negotiation Act of 1962 establishes rules that

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Assignment - 1

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Management - Assignment Example The expenses of the company increases and company may not have enough cash available to meet its expenses. Therefore, the cash deficit is met by bank overdraft which affects company’s liquidity position. Company should not make all the sales and purchases on credit. It should choose a fair combination of cash and credit sales/purchases so that, company’s receivables and payables don’t reach peak levels. It is probably not possible to collect the total amount of credit sales. Some amount of credit sales turns into bad debt expense which can’t be recovered. Company should allocate small percentage of sales to bad debts. Cash is what keeps the business functioning. Company requires cash on hand to pay for its operating, investing and financing expenses. The amount of cash available/deficit is calculated by cash flow statement. Hisrich, Peter & Shepherd states that â€Å"Cash flow results from the difference between actual cash receipts and cash payments† (1998:p.297). The difference between cash flow statement and profit statement is that cash flow doesn’t consider payment of non-cash expenses, payment of loan principal and withdrawals. (Rosemary, 2010) Profits are generated by subtracting operating expenses from sales and it is calculated through income statement. Income statement tells about the total sales made during the year whether or not sales receipts are collected or not. In June, Hidetoseek Ltd. is incurring profit but its cash flow is negative which shows that company’s expenses are greater than receipts. Therefore, it should use bank overdraft to meet its expenses. If retained earnings are used, the liquidity position of the company is badly affected. The cash reserves of company decreases which means that if the company wants to pay for its debts or incur some capital expenses, it will not be able to raise significant funds through its reserves. An overdraft occurs when

Strategic Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategic Business Communication - Essay Example In addition, analysis of the truthtm campaign demonstrated that it was positively correlated with reductions in the smoking behavior of youths and young adults (Thrasher et al. 2004). Unfortunately, scholars have also noted that the effectiveness of other campaigns has been more modest. For example, Hankin, Sloan, and Sokol (1998) conclude that the utility of warning labels in reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy was only slightly effective, and a review of the effectiveness of several state antismoking advertising campaigns found that several campaigns had mixed or even ineffective results (Pechmann and Reibling 2000).† (Rucker and Petty, 39) â€Å"†¦it is essential to consider whether the audience is disposed to scrutinize the information carefully or inclined to process the message in a more peripheral manner (Step 1). Second, it is important to evaluate message characteristics and, when possible, to design the message to contain information that will be persuasive on the basis of the audience’s elaboration level (Step 2). Third, it is necessary to consider whether the goal of the message is to create an enduring attitude change or simply an immediate attitude change (Step 3). Fourth, it is important to evaluate fit among audience elaboration likelihood, message characteristics, and message objectives both conceptually (Step 4) and empirically (Step 5). Finally, if there is a discrepancy between the audience elaboration level and the message characteristics or the goals of the message, it is necessary to consider how to remedy this mismatch (Step 6).† (Rucker and Petty, 40) â€Å"Consider the development of an antismoking television commercial that is designed to advocate parents talking to their children about drug use. The message might feature celebrities telling parents to talk to their children, but it might not provide or disclose the specific benefits of having such conversations† ( Rucker and Petty, 48) â€Å"three key

Introduction to Law and Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Law and Contracts - Essay Example An agreement that is binding to one party and at the option of the other party is a voidable contract. For a contract to be valid, the objective must be legal. An objective can be unlawful if the law forbids it, it is fraudulent, and the court considers it to be immoral or against public policy. Agreements opposed to public policy can be banned by law to protect the public interests (Walston-Dunham, 2009). Acts that are contrary to public policy are void. Some of the acts considered to be against public policy include transacting with an enemy country and interfering with the administration of justice. The law of the contract is based on the doctrine of equity and substance of common law. Among its main elements are offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity to contract, intention to create a legal relationship, capacity to contract, legal formalities, lawful objects possibility of performance, and, not expressly, the declared void. In this scenario, Chappelle is the defendant while on the other hand; Mustafa, who is his former manager, is the plaintiff. Chappell who is an actor and a comedian is sued for breach of contract. Chappelle and Mustafa entered into a management agreement on September 2005. Moreover, the two parties did not reduce their contract in writings, and for this, it is an oral agreement. By this, the defendant can deny the allegations charged against him because there is no evidence of the agreement passed. Mustafa is now suing Chappelle for stiffing him over $864,500, and is therefore, seeking monetary compensation. On the other hand, Chappelle claims that Mustafa’s incompetency made him lose millions of dollar (Abramovitch, 2005). In this case, the presence of witnesses may be assistive in proving the legality of the contract. However, every contract has its terms and condition, and if one party breaches this, then they should face the consequences. In Chappelle’s case, terminating Mustafa’s

Market Model Patterns of Change (Apple) Assignment

Market Model Patterns of Change (Apple) - Assignment Example The company issued a statement describing Apple demand for a 30 percent cut of the 20 percent it gets from each sale as "economically untenable," adding that it would be collaborating with our market peers in determining an appropriate legal and business response to this latest development. The point is, Apple is no longer the no-hoper it was during the Mac-vs.-Windows wars of the 80s and 90s.In fact, in many markets -- particularly those supported by the iTunes/iOS ecosystem -- Apple is more powerful than Microsoft ever was since it controls the hardware, the OS, the online store, and the terms by which third parties can do business in its space. Apple, in turn, might define the market to comprise all digital and print media and counter that any issuer not happy with Apple terms is free to still reach its customers through much other print and digital outlets. IOS applications cannot be distributed anywhere other than the Application Store. Mac applications can be bought via the Application Store or online or in a store. Ever wonder if maybe this is a good idea? Look at what is happening with Windows viruses; they get installed on your computer through the internet in a shady manner. While we have gotten used to having and living with this risk on a PC, I absolutely do not want someone or their software to take over my cell phone (directing me to the wrong place on a map, calling 911 on its own, calling some guy in Kazakhstan, sending text messages, tracking me in real time, sending e-mails to my boss and taking all my stored passwords)!!! What a fantastic target it could be while it roams around with you, seeing different access points and other users on the network at Starbucks or your college campus or even simply on the carrier’s data network.

The Apple Company Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Apple Company Assignment - Essay Example At the end of 2010-2011 financial year, Apple sold 27 million compared to the 6 million units sold in 2008. This essay will therefore analyze Apple’s Iphone from a microeconomic and macroeconomic perspective. The main factor that affects the supply and demand of a product is price. Price is the exchange value of a product at a given time and market. Consequently, Apple will experience a change in the demand of its product if it changes its price. Currently the IPhone is the most highly priced smart phone in the market. This is in comparison with other similar products such as Samsung Galaxy. The Apple Company will also be willing to increase the supply of the product at high market price. Technology is the second factor that influences IPhone’s demand and supply. In the current digital age, high tech gadgets such as smart phones are increasingly becoming necessary. In addition, technological advancement has increased efficiency in the production of the product (Bade, 20 07, p. 23). This has increased the supply of the product leading to a reduction in price. Advancement in technology has also caused a reduction in the prices of other related smart phones particularly those manufactured by Chinese companies. This has caused a shift in the customer base for the product. Market structure relates to the nature or influence of buyers and suppliers in a market. Perfect competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopsony are the basic market structures. The Apple Company operates in a perfect competition market. A perfect competition market is considered as an ideal market, which is characterized by many buyers and suppliers. In addition, a perfect competition market is characterized by freedom of entry and exit. This promotes the production homogenous products and availability of numerous substitutes. In such market, product, promotion or advertisement are critical factors that suppliers use to increase the sale of their products. Advertisements and free mar ket information makes the consumers to have readily available information about prices, products, and competition of the supplies (Bade, 2007, p. 43). Thus, consumers in the high-tech and gadget market are aware of products of other related producers such as Nokia, Motorola, and Samsung. The profitability of a product determines its existence in a competitive market. In addition, profitability of a company determines the company’s preference for its production. The Apple Company continuously advertises its products in order to maintain its position in the market. IPhone advertisements are common in popular print and electronic media. Online magazines and social media are some of the common platforms through which Apple advertises its products. Through these advertisements, the company informs potential and existing customers about the high-tech capabilities of their devices. A typical advert will illustrate user friendly and device intelligence features that make the IPhone t o stand out from other similar products. In addition, the company needs to increase its investments in research and innovation. Acquiring patents for smart phone features will increase the profitability of the product. In addition, the Apple Company will have profitable operations through reduced costs of operation. Technology innovations will lead to efficient operations and reduced cost of operation. The current market structure is slightly profitable