What can literature, music, cinema, theatre or art bring to the study Essay

What can literature, music, cinema, theatre or art bring to the study of internationalist Relations - Essay ExampleThe field of internationalist Relations (IR) is a body of knowledge that deals with political activities that atomic number 18 intertwined among various key state players. According to the research conducted by Polat (2012), through International Relations, individuals are able to comprehend the kind of relations that exist surrounded by various states. In this case, International Relations refers to the study of the interactions between the members of the field of International Relations, which are the nation states. International Relations can also be defined as the study that scrutinizes the relationships between countries and the responses displayed by these countries as a result of the interactions between the states.It would appear that no country can subsist on its own. In this case, it is imperative to appreciate the power relations between the nations in th e International Relations. International Relations, according to Mandaville (2003), is a body of knowledge that highlights the factors that inspire the connection between the countries in the world. In simple terms, International Relations refers to an understanding of the interactions that are innovate between different countries in the International arena. This includes reviewing the flow of information from one country to another, the manner of responses by each party, and the outcomes that spring from the entire relations process. These implications neuter from political, social and economic implications.

Causes Of The French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Causes Of The French Revolution EssayOn July 14, 1789 a large mob stormed the Bastille, and killed the commander and some other soldiers. The lineage of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution, and was a symbol to the people of France representing years of abuse by the monarchy. Also, this proceeds served as a wake-up call to King Louis XVI. unlike any other short protest or riot, this event actually challenge to the regime. As the French Revolution progressed, French society underwent a chemise as feudal, religious, and aristocratic privileges disappeared and the ancien rgime were abruptly overthrown under the fundamental principle of Libert, galit, fraternit. Although there are many causes to the French Revolution, the three main ones are the mismanagement of the economy, the pressure of taxes placed primarily onto the third estate, and the spark from Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution. These events set a fire in France that could no longer be contained. It dissemination through France like a wildfire.The first cause to the French Revolution was the mismanagement of the economy. Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt with his extravagant spending. Frances amour in the Seven Years War and American Revolution put it deeper down the hole. Costs had generally risen during the 1700s and the lavish court pixilated up millions. The government borrowed more and more money to bridge the gap between income and expenses. Years of deficit spending, or spending more than the income, was taking its gong on the countrys treasury. By 1789, half of the countrys income from taxes went to paying the interest on this debt. Louis XVI was forced to raise taxes to pay suffer the debts, leading to further tension and revolt. The first cause to the French Revolution was the pressure that taxes placed onto the Third Estate, or anyone that wasnt nobility or clergy. This include the wealthier middle class, or bourgeoisie, and the extremel y poor working class and rural farmers. While the poor suffered from the agonizing taxes, the rich nobility and clergy didnt suffer these taxes because of impost which granted the nobles and clergy freedom from paying taxes.The political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst famine in memory, and as taxes rose, tension rose. When taxing the First and Second Estates was proposed by the kings advisor, Jacques Necker, the nobles and high clergy resisted theattempt to end their exemption from taxes and forced the king to dismiss him. As the crisis deepened, the pressure for reform grew. The wealthy class demanded, however, that the king summon the Estates-General, the legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates, before making any changes. This event later backfired on the wealthy with the creation of the National Assembly which established many reforms. The weather reason to the French Revolution was the spark of Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolutio n.This spark set fire to the French Revolution and roared across the country. Many people believed in the ideas of equality and freedom of the individual as presented Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and other philosophers and social theorists of the Enlightenment. They especially favored John Lockes idea that if a government violates the peoples natural rights, the people have the right to replace that government. These ideas of life, liberty, and equality had contributed to the creation of the American Revolution and the newly formed American government served as a live example of the proper structure of government.They helped with the creation of new reforms to make life in France better. On July 14, 1789 a large mob stormed the Bastille and began started the French Revolution. The causes of this event were the mismanagement of the economy by the king, the resulting tax pressure placed onto the poor Third Estate, and the spark of Enlightenment and American Revolution reasoning. The Fr ench Revolution had finish its desired goal of more equal government and it still has an impact on the world. Till this day, the French celebrate Bastille Day as their national emancipation day.

My Jewish Experience Essay Example for Free

My Judaic Experience EssayIn a first glance, Hawaii seems to be a country that strictly holds its cultural values and identity with pride, leaving no room for foreign beliefs and practices to grow. However, my first impression has been proven wrong as for the first time, I set foot on the halls of Temple Emanu-el, a Jewish synagogue situated in 2550 Pali High bureau, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817. On a Friday evening, 28 November 2008, half(a) an hour past seven, I was exposed to the practices and beliefs of Orthodox Judaism through Rabbi Peter B. Schaktman ..It was a moment of mixed emotions for me since I only knew Judaism through books, television, films, and internet, and that I mentation I would have been overwhelmed by the spectacle of one of the worlds major religious systems However, I was initially surprised by the size of the synagogue as it was totally assorted from how I had imagined it to be the place was relatively small, perhaps because Judaism is non Hawaiis main religion, nevertheless, the size of the place was only if different from what I al government agencys ruling.Judging by the size of the place, I would say that 300350 people could seat accommodated in the synagogue. The structures ceiling was high, and the national designs made me recall the facades of the Roman Catholic Church. The synagogue overly contains what the pastor called an Ark, the ark is a decorated cabinet wherein the Torah of the synagogue is housed And like other places of religion, I also noticed that Temple Emanu-el also has a pulpit in an elevated platform where the torah and other scriptures are read.Judaism is a religion that promotes Jewish identity and culture, I seemed to have noticed that there is not much art in the in the Ark of Temple Emanu-el. The most probable reason is that the Jewish consider that break of the synagogue as the holiest area. Apart from the decorative curtain that serves as the cover for the Ark, the only objects to be seen in the synagogue are object of religious implication such as the ark and a candle stand.The only non-religious object close enough to be considered art were a couple of flowers in vases positioned near the ark. During the worship service proper, the only clergy member present in the synagogue was Rabbi Schaktman. I have no idea as to why he was the only man of the cloth present during the time, but during the worship services, he was accompanied by a Cantorial Soloist named Ken Aronowitz who sang the songs and hymns. Although religious hymns and songs are not to be appreciated as an artistic effort, I can say that Mr.Aronowitzs voice is captivating enlightening. While I was participating in the worship services, I have discover that the devotees have the book named Gates of Prayer. I realized that people from the sect consider the book as a guide to the service and to spiritual enlightenment. From my determine that night, it appears that in every service, the Rabbi discusses and inter prets every chapter of the book with the devotees. Based on my observation, the book contains the haggle of God as well as the hymns of compliment to God.Continuing advertise with the practices and rituals, I noticed that a particular differences between Judaism and Christianity, first is on the discussion of the contents of Gates of Prayer. During the service, Rabbi Schaktman read and discussed the distinction of Jews from non-Jews through analysis of the words non-Jews celebrate Jews Observe. The Rabbi interpreted the exact contents of the book, however, he just used a language that everyone could simply understand.There are certain moments where the Rabbi told us a story based on his experiences and related the story with the topic discussed during that night. And the story the Rabbi used was an article from the newspaper Honolulu Advertiser which revolved around the jubilation of thanksgiving. The Rabbi said something about Jewish attitude for Thanksgiving, and in doing so, he implied that as a Jew, celebrating Thanksgiving is violating the Law of Moses and that conforming to tradition not set by God and his prophets Christmas should be eliminated.Another distinction I have observed in the Jewish worship service was the hymn or the songs of praise. In practicing Christianity, I had to separately bring the bible and a book which contains more than 700 songs. In Temple Emanu-el, the words from God (which is taken from the scriptures) and songs were compiled in the Gates of Prayer, and most of the songs of praise appear to be sung in the Hebrew language. In addition, the songs of praise come in between the Rabbis preaching. After he finished a paragraph in the book, people sing.Although I couldnt understand the language of the hymn, the songs definitely got through me in such a way that the tunes of the songs remain in my head. If I had rememberer, I really wanted to record the songs but, our instructor advised that it is a rude gesture to bring a recor ding device and record activities of people we are not familiar with. Another fascinating ritual is the Jewish commemoration of the dead. The walls on both sides of the Temple Emanu-el lists names of more than calciferol people on wood surrounding the synagogue and right beside the names were light bulbs with a few turned on..At first I thought it was some sort of decorative art to make the synagogue attractive, but I asked to Rabbi after the service, and he said that the names with the light bulbs turned on were the dead people who worshipped in the temple and died during that week or that month. The Rabbi also said that it was the Temples way of cherishing the memory of their deceased brothers and sisters. Although the temples ritual of honoring the deceased was relatively new to me, it produced a deep impression on me. This is because I only knew of commemorating rituals in the traditions of Christianity.And I personally thought that the Christian practices of preserving the m emory of the dead accorded with the other religious systems. Another ritual I saw during my visit at the Temple Emanu-el was the Jewish tradition on marriage. That night, an engaged couple came to the temple with their families, the Rabbi gave them blessing of Lynne Chun and Harvey Reackmil on the occasion of their upcoming marriage, and after the Rabbi granted the blessing, everyone started to say mazltof I guess that it is their way of saw congratulations to the newly blessed couple.. After the speech of service, Rabbi Schaktman slowly came to our side and tried to make eye contact with each of us. I initially thought that I needed to pay for the collection just like in the Christian church that I used go to. But from the way he looked at us, I felt like he is trying to give us a chance to realize our sins for the past week and agile us not to make the same mistakes again. Following the ending ceremony of the service, I came to a realization that the Jewish religion is not as promise as it claims itself to be.As far as I respect some of the Jewish beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices, I honestly find Judaisms norms uncomfortable. One is that the doctrines are so individualistic and very prejudiced as the Rabbi discussed the evils of not being Jewish and how the Jewish way turns out as the right path in life. as well the Rabbi gave us an impression that I and the rest of the class who went there were not welcome in their temple or in their community. Maybe I was just being too sensitive in this matter, but when I tried to talk to the Rabbi, he did not pay any attention to what I was saying or to the questions I were asking.The experience was alienating, although the Rabbi constantly told us to comeback anytime, we felt it was just a gesture with no thought to it. As my disbelief and apprehension in God or any divine being, I find myself unmoved by the beliefs and practices of Judaism. Neither did its changed my skepticism of God As such, visiting the temple and participating in Jewish worship services did not affect my beliefs, ideas, and my own perception of the experience as well as the religion itself.However, it does not necessarily mean that I do not respect Judaism and all of its followers, as a matter of fact despite the unwelcome treatment we genuine from the Rabbi, my utmost respect for Judaism and for its believers remain firm. Like other major religions in the world, my visit in Temple Emanu-el has proven that Judaism, as manifested by their doctrines and songs of praise, is a religion rich in tradition, culture, and ways to establish identity. But religion is not about continuation of tradition or establishment of identity, but it is more of profession and expressing personal beliefs regardless of what such beliefs hold.

The Social Mobility Of My Family

The Social Mobility Of My FamilyThe following paper includes research of Social mobility within social severalizees and how this has affected my family. This is a controversial issue whether socioeconomic heritage or the class wiz is born into plays a role to the social mobility of the psyche in one direction or a nonher. I will go by examples of my familys social mobility for the past four generations. Some may argue that starting off at a lower social class sewer strangle one from social mobility. From this perspective, it is thought that not having access to education or many opportunities for success make it much harder to get out from under a life of always functional from paycheck to paycheck. On the other hand, others argue that we all gather in the same probability to advance our social status and sustain up or down the class structure within generations. The textbook spells out several different philosophies in regards to social class. Karl Marx believed that socia l class was created by a persons relationship with labor. Marx separated people into those who own the means of production, and those who get by their labor (Henslin 188). Another concept the textbooks talks just about was established by Joseph Kahl and Dennis Gilbert, and they establish their opinions on Max Weber. Weber alleged social class is a large collection of individuals who are categorized carefully to each other in property, power and prestige (Henslin 202). Kahl and Gilbert added to this notion to include a persons education or lack thereof. Kahl and Gilbert state that today the quality of education that an individual receives also denotes the capabilities a person may possess. Kahl and Gilbert created a class social structure that contained of capitalist, upper position class, lower middle class, make foring class, working poor and underclass. The higher one is in social class the commodiouser their property or income is, along with prestige of the university they a ttended and the power they hold in their occupation. After analyzing the two different ideas of social class structure, I believe the most adequate structure is the social class structure of Kahl and Gilbert. Their structure suffers for to a greater extent wisdom and inconsistency in social class as puff up as superior means for explaining the difference of classes.My familys storyMy analysis of my familys social mobility starts with my mothers grandparents. preceding to the great feeling they were that of upper middle class and would have been considered very well off. They had several farms a very large admit with servants and over kibibyte acres. My grandfathers part within the family of 8 was to work on the farms with his older brother getting a management role and other siblings going to college and waiting to be married. My grandfather was a very hard worker and fell into the role to handle the farms and such(prenominal) even though he was from the same class as the rest of the family he was seen as lower because of his progenyer age and hardworking mentality. Much of the family looked down on him for getting his hands dirty. His father did not allow him to continue school and he dropped to work the farms in the 8th grade. His older brother and father handled the money and management of the farms operations until the Great Depression occurred in the late 20s. After a fire which closureed in them losing several animals, a house and barn as well as other circumstances from the depression they ended up losing it all. My grandfather ended up renting a farm cosmos a time of the dust bowl he was unable(p) to raise sufficient crops so he began buying horses and cattle that were in poor health for very exact. He would clean them up train the horses and sell them approve months later for a large profit. He did this several time until he eventually saved large to buy back the family farm where he began to milk cows and cash crops as the land was much better. My grandmother came from a very low social class but did get to go to college as her oldest sister and her husband made it doable by paying for all of their siblings to go to college as well as they both became professors and continued to exit very frugal lives never having children and having a very giving life. My Grandmother graduated college at 16 and soon met my Grandfather they had 5 children with my mother being the youngest. My grandmother started teaching soon after the children were out of diapers. A very large age gap made it so that my mother was still young when the oldest brother joined the navy during WWII. A few years later my mothers other siblings went off to college as the thrift recovered as a result of the war. My mother and father started dating slice my mother was 16 and they married soon after meeting and had my oldest sister at age 17. They moved into a small house just down the road from my grandparents farm and had three more children. Eventual ly my father built us a house on the family land that my grandmother gave them. My father is a very hardworking man and worked as a farmhand then a machinist and a work until an accident in 1975 that left him disabled and unable to work. This along with a recession in the 1980s hurt my parents financially. After struggling to make things work they divorced in 1981. My mother, brother and I moved to an apartment in Madison. My sisters moved out by themselves or with boyfriends and got working class jobs as my parents did not have the means to stand by pay for college. Our income, status and social class level dropped to the poverty level. Living in a single parent rest home led by the mother we experienced the Feminization of Poverty (Henslin, p. 206). My father was on disability with very little means to even care for himself allow along his children. My mother took on several jobs but with no education it never seemed to be enough. I started working to pay for food and such and help out with clothes and such. I was washing dishes and odd jobs mowing lawns. On my fifteenth birthday I decided to move out on my own. My mother had met mortal and they were getting married. He had moved in and I did not get along with him or my mother very well. I tried to do well in school but trying to make rent made that a difficult task. I did try and go to college but never having enough money for rent or food made that impossible. I eventually dropped out of school and took on construction jobs. I guess I transmitted some of those skills from my father and I am not afraid of hard work so I focused on that. I did well in construction and eventually married and had two children. During the 2000 construction boom I flipped several houses and built myself a very nice house. I had moved my family back up to middle class life. After my children were born my wife struggled with depression and eventually it got so bad that we decided to separate and were divorced in 2002. I had decided I would not make my children go through what I went through with my parents divorce so I decided to give it all to them and my ex-wife so we would not have to sell the house and make them possible change schools. I had paid down the mortgage to around 100,000 on a house that is worth well over 500,000. I took all other bills credit cards and car payments. I felt with my skills that I would be able to rebuild my life and they would be taken care of. Then a recession hit slow at first with construction getting sulky and slower and eventually in 2008 the economy got really bad. It has been hard to turn around and the recession could not have hit a worse time. I have actually moved several times in the past years downgrading to a lesser quality home and car to save money. With very little work and the economy slow to recover I decided to apply to go to school. This is my second semester at Madison College and I am doing well. I am on the deans list with a current 3.9 GPA. Bei ng the only one of my siblings going to college it is important that I finish. I am hopeful that the US economy turns around and I can find a decent job or get my business back making money. The problem is that I am now somewhat stuck not making enough to borrow money to buy my way out and with no college education to get a great paying job time the construction market is saturated and not coming back very fast. Having circumstances affecting each generation has had an impress on the social mobility of my family in a negative way starting with the great depression and continuing with the current recession. I feel that education is a key factor for social mobility. In the past younger siblings lost out on getting to go to college and getting to take over families businesses with the oldest manly child usually taking over.My viewMy own view is that while there is a real disadvantage with education and opportunity advantages it is still possible to move up or down within social clas s that we were born into but for some it is very hard if not impossible. Though I concede that this may be a hard thing to overcome and defiantly harder for the lower class than within the middle or upper class. I still maintain that good work ethic and faith can join on the success of social mobility. For example my grandfather took an approach to find new-fangled innovative ways to make money and save for the right opportunity to come and then follow through. Although some might object that upper middle class and upper class should not have to pay for those born into lower class. I would reply that it is our social responsibility to give everyone an education and increase the opportunity for success for each and every individual within the united States. The issue is important because of how we are evolving humanity and making everyone so they can digest to their potential is better for all. The alternative is that many will go on welfare or break laws and end up in prison as they have no way out of the life they were born into. This cost is much higher than the cost an education would be.Family disruption or economic privationThe experience of family disruption during childhood substantially increases the odds of ending up in the lowest occupational stratum as opposed to the stable families having a better chance to be in a high class. Family disruption also weakens the association between dimensions of occupational origins and destinations. The socioeconomic destinations from nonimpact family backgrounds bear less similarity to their socioeconomic origins that those from intact backgrounds. Those from traditional two-parent homes exhibit a stronger pattern of intergenerational occupational inheritance than those from disrupted families. Upward income mobility has decreased to such a point that the United States appears to have the highest rate of income inequality in the industrialized world, according to the non-partisan Congressional Research Servi ce. Longstanding partisan battles in Congress about policy issues such as instituting a more progressive tax code, the tax treatment of capital gains and inheritance, and the expansion of social welfare benefits like food stamps and healthcare in recent years have not ended very well for the nations poor. Empirical analyses estimate the United States is a comparatively immobile society, that is, where on starts in the income distribution influences where one ends up to a greater degree than in several advanced economies (Cite). Reports suggest the U.S. is no longer, if it ever was a nation where the poorest can feasibly lift themselves up by their bootstraps. If income were equally distributed, each fifth household would account for 20 percent of total income. The poorest of these has long since accounted for far less than its relative share, barely budging from about 4 percent in recent decades, according to the U.S. Census Bureau (Cite). Meanwhile, since 1968 the middle class has seen its total income share decrease steadily, while those among the top-fifth of earners particularly the top 5 percent have seen their incomes skyrocket. For instance, the top 5 percent held 22.3 percent of the nations wealth in 2011, up from 16.3 percent four decades earlier. The advantages offered by an affluent lifestyle clearly influence an individuals chances for economic mobility, the CRS reports. According to an analysis of empirical data, the study authors estimate there is a positive relationship of about 0.5 between a parent and adult income. Children of parents with above-average salaries are more likely, on average, to also bring in high incomes. Half the economic advantage the children of golden families enjoy comes from having been born into wealthy families in the first place. On top of that, the chances of adults moving up from their initial income economic position has decreased or remained stagnant in recent decades, which is of particular concern since most Americans still believe economic mobility in the U.S. is completely within their reach. Americans may be less relate about inequality in the distribution of income at any given point in time partly because of a belief that everyone has an equal opportunity to move up the income ladder. Different types of family structures experienced during childhood have varying effects on socioeconomic attainment and social mobility. Those within the middle class will, statistically, experience some economic mobility. According to a study by the Pew Economic Mobility Project, 43 percent of children whose parents were born in the bottom one fifth remained at the bottom when they became adults. In contrast, 40 percent of children born to parents at the top one fifth were also at the top as adults. The study compared intergenerational mobility rates between 1984 to 1994 and 1994 to 2004.ConclusionThe topics of particular importance in contemporary sociology seem to be the inequality of educational o pportunity and mechanisms of social mobility or immobility. Also the effects of the households saving behavior and the implication of this behavior for the distribution of wealth and the relationship between the extent of free enterprise and opportunity in the economy and socioeconomic mobility, that is, the movement of families across wealth classes over time. Some studies suggest that as technology advances, lower income workers do not have the skills or educational requirements to keep up with changing labor needs. The demand for highly skilled workers trained in engineering or information technology has elevated, while the need for lower skilled and middle skilled workers has diminished which is one of the casualties of globalization. The philosophical battle over how to achieve economic growth and social mobility has escalated to a point that conservatives have resisted attempts to direct more investments in programs such as early childhood education and college tuition aid. Th e battle continues as Democrats are pushing for more investments in social safety net programs while Republicans are calling for a self-reliant approach. Education gap creates more inequality and arguably promote equality in the opportunity to move up the income ladder, which an increasingly unequal distribution of income may suggest a lack of and which may itself checker the potential productive capacity of the economy an education gap is one of the main reasons commonly offered to explain the nations widening income inequality. Although many still firmly believe, and constantly argue, that Americans have an equal opportunity to move up the economic ladder, the researchers conclude that opportunity is far from equal.

The Transmission Of Pathogens Biology Essay

The Transmission Of Pathogens Biology EssayInfectious unsoundnesss ar private roadd by the transmission of pathogens, which are microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Pathogens idler be transmitted by direct contact horizontal and vertical transmission and by indirect contact vehicle-borne transmission and vector-borne transmission.Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease. Bacteria and viruses are the master(prenominal) pathogens.BacteriaSalm cardinallla bacterium cellBacteria come in many shapes and sizes, but even the largest are save 10 micrometres long (10 millionths of a metre).Bacteria are living cells and, in favourable conditions, can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that fetch us feel ill.VirusesHepatitis C virus. DNA are enclosed in a protein coat.Transmission of pathogensMicroorganisms can be transmitted in two main ways direct contact and indirect contact.Direct contactDirect contact means that the di sease-causing microbe is passed from one person to a nonher when their bodies touch in some way.Vertical transmission happens when microorganisms pass from a mother to her unborn baby through the placenta. German measles and HIV can pass this way. swimming transmission happens when microorganisms pass from one person to another by touching, kissing or sexual intercourse.Examples of horizontal transmissiontype of contactbacterial diseaseviral diseasetouchingbacterial gastroenteritischickenpoxkissingbacterial meningitisglandular fever, cold soressexual intercoursegonorrhoea, syphilisHIV, hepatitis B confirming contactIndirect contact happens when microorganisms are carried to a person in some way, instead of by actual body to body contact.Vehicle-borne transmission involves an tendency carrying the disease-causing microorganism.Examples of vehicle-bourne transmissionvehiclebacterial diseaseviral diseasedroplets in the airtuberculosis (TB)colds, fluwatercholerapoliosharp objectslockja wHIVfoodSalmonella food poisoninghepatitis AVector-borne transmission involves an animal such as an insect. For example, malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and plague by fleas.The first force of defenceMost pathogens have to get inside our body to spread infection. Once they are inside, the body provides ideal living conditions plenty of food, water and warmth. stand up in their way is our bodys immune system the bodys co-ordinated response to the invading pathogens.The first line of defence is the bodys natural barriers. These includeskinnasal hairs, mucus and cilia tearsThe skinCross-section of skinThe skin covers the whole body. It protects the body from physical damage, microbe infection and dehydration. Its dry, dead outer cells are difficult for microbes to penetrate, and the sebaceous glands unwrap oils which help kill microbes.Nasal hairs, mucus and ciliaThe respiratory system (or gaseous exchange tract) is protected in several ways. Nasal hairs keep out junk and lar ger microorganisms. Sticky mucus traps dust and microbes. These are then carried away by cilia, which are tiny hairs on the cells that line the gaseous exchange tract.cryingTears, saliva and mucus contain an enzyme called lysozyme. This destroys microorganisms.The second line of defenceScabsIf microorganisms get into the body through a cut in the skin, the most important amour is to quickly close the wound so more microorganisms cannot enter. A scab does just this. The blood contains tiny structures called platelets, and a protein called fibrin. A scab is basically platelets stuck in a fibrin mesh. The animation shows how this works.White blood cellsAs a wound heals, nearby blood vessels widen to allow more blood to reach the area. This causes spunk where the damaged area becomes swollen, hot and red. White blood cells called phagocytes move into the area, and destroy bacteria by engulfing and digesting them.The third line of defencePathogens contain trustworthy chemicals that ar e foreign to the body and are called antigens. White blood cells called lymphocytes carry a specific type of antibody a protein that has a chemical fit to a certain antigen. When a lymphocyte with the appropriate antibody meets a dangerous foreign body (pathogen containing antigen), the lymphocyte reproduces quickly, and makes many copies of the antibody that neutralises the pathogen.Antibodies neutralise pathogens in a number of waysThey keep to pathogens and damage or destroy them.They coat pathogens, clumping them together so that they are easily ingested by phagocytes.They bind to the pathogens and release chemical signals to attract more phagocytes.Lymphocytes may also release antitoxins that stick to the appropriate toxin and stop it damaging the body.TuberculosisTuberculosis, or TB for short, is a disease caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. The microorganisms are spread through the air in tiny droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Most pe ople who are infected do not show any symptoms. About 10 per cent of people who are infected provide go on to suffer symptoms, which includeshortness of inklingcoughingweight losstirednessfeverdeath (in about 50 per cent of cases)Only infected people who show symptoms of TB can spread the microorganisms to other people.Prevention and control of TB (Higher Tier)The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gurin) vaccination protects about 75 per cent of uninfected people from becoming infected.Antiobiotics are drugs that kill bacteria or prevent them from reproducing. Infected people who do not show any symptoms of TB are usually given a course of one antibiotic, but infected people who are showing symptoms of TB need a course of several antibiotics at once. This is to reduce the chance that strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will emerge.http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/health/defendingagainstinfectionrev5.shtml

Reducing Corruption in the Nigerian Police Force

Reducing Corruption in the Nigerian law impressionOverviewThis writing intends to examine the ramifications of decadence in the Nigerian Police Force (NPF), with respect to public safety and human rights, and provide four policy strategies that can be adopted by the Nigerian government to subordinate police putrescence. The authorship will investigate police corruption within the purview of three theories structural-functional theory, degenerate behaviour theory and soft state theory.Drawing on these theories the paper will establish how their application to police corruption can help in understanding the tragedies of police corruption and reducing corruption in the NPF. In examining the ramifications of police corruption in Nigeria, the paper will explore concepts such as corruption of authority, kickbacks, opportunity theft, shakedowns, internal payoffs, padding, and the fix to show varying dimensions of police corruption.Background In recent years, the level of corruption in Nigeria, particularly in the NPF, has become alarming. Police corruption in Nigeria takes different forms, ranging from officers collecting money from the citizens at check charge ups, to officers extorting money from alleged law offenders at police stations, to officers tampering prove to influence court cases, to officers using forceful and eccentric means to obtain information, to officers working as accomplices to electoral malpractices, illegal activities and human rights abuses, and to officers mismanaging funds allocated to the Police Force for personal aggrandizement.The most recent Global Corruption Barometer shows that 75% of Nigerians believe that the level of corruption has increased over the years and 72% perceive the NPF to be the most corrupt institution in the country (Pring 2015, 36 37). Also, 78% of Nigerians believe that the government has not handled the fight against corruption well (Ibid, 42) hence the anti-corruption act of government is ranked poor.For over a decade, corruption in the NPF has come under increasing public scrutiny, as domestic and international civil conjunction organizations involved in anti-corruption activism, have intensified efforts in uncovering corrupt practices in the NPF and demanding actions against police corruption. The activities of the anti-corruption activists have revealed series of public scandals involving senior officers of the NPF. Police corruption in Nigeria has raised serious concern about the standard of ethics and integrity in the NPF.Since 1994, there had been four Presidential Committees on Police improve established by different political administrations to examine issues facing the NPF and make recommendations to the government. But the recommendations of these committees have never been implemented. Thus efforts to reform the NPF have faced difficulties crosswise many fronts. Underfunding and arbitrary disbursement of allocations to the NPF are common challenges facing the NPF. Desp ite these committees, government has not been able to deal with police corruption, as government continues to record on circuit of establishing more committees, with huge wage bills. This, therefore, is an indication of deep lack of political will to reform the NPF.Issue statement/Policy questionsThe paper intends to establish that police corruption has become overwhelming and persistent such that it undermines good governance in Nigeria and causes systemic gangrene of the institutional fabrics of the NPF. As a result, the lack for coherent strategies to reduce police corruption has become imperative. In light of this problem, the paper intends to answer the following policy questionsWhat is the fundamental problem with Nigerias efforts to reduce police corruption?Why have the previous strategies designed to fight police corruption failed?What are best methods to reduce police corruption in Nigeria?MethodologyThe paper is a non-empirical investigation. Thus it intends to carry out a historical study of the NPF and factors responsible for police corruption in Nigeria. This task is relevant because it will provide insights into the various forms of police corruption in Nigeria and their impacts. Based on the non-empirical nature of the paper, its key considerations will be based on suppositional and empirical review of the relevant literature. Research will involve library research and materials will be sourced from wider sources, including academic journals, books, periodicals, reports, conference/seminar papers, newspapers articles, and other electronic sources. motiveThe motivation for this paper is based on the authors concern about the tragedy of police corruption in his country. This concern springs from the authors personal experiences with the Nigerian police officers. The need to address the decay in the NPF, particularly from the Nigerian perspective, thus underlies this paper.Theoretical frameworksStructural-functional theoryThis theory posits that the friendly structure of a society has an impact on the way people conduct themselves. Thus how the network of social interactions is structured in society can explain the extent of police corruption. The guiding belief is that in a moral-guided society tolerance for police corruption is likely to be zero, thereby making it possible for social institutions to function with moral awareness. abnormal behaviour theoryThis theory can be used to explain the organizational nature of police corruption. Police corruption can thus be explained from the perspective of group behaviour, which is guided by sets of societal norms that are linked to the organization to which the police officers belong to, as opposed to the behaviour of individual police officers. The guiding precept is that police corruption can be well-understood from the organizational context of the NPF where the corrupt behaviours occur.Soft state theoryThis theory can be used to explain police corruption from the context that the extent to which the government is incapable of implementing reforms and instituting social disciplines speaks volumes about the level of corruption in the state. The guiding principle is that police corruption is rife in a state where the government lacks the ability to implement reforms hence government institutions are disinclined to demand social disciplines from the people.StructureBelow is the brief synopsis of the paper.IntroductionBackgroundIssue statementPolicy questionsMotivationKey considerations Theoretical framework and Empirical tryCorruption and the Nigerian Police ForceBrief historical background of the NPFOverview of Concepts Corruption and Police corruptionTypologies of police corruptionNature of police corruption in NigeriaFactors responsible for police corruption in NigeriaPolicy strategies to reduce corruption in the NPFAssessment of previous anti-corruption strategiesProposed strategies to reduce police corruptionTipping point leadership styleAlliance building with public sector institutions, private sector (including media and civil society), and broader political structureAmending legal frameworks (Constitution and Police Act)Introducing Anti-Corruption Code aka The Police Code in the Police ActRecommendations/Conclusion

Materialism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays

Materialism may be defined as attention to or emphasis on material objects, needs or considerations, with a disinterest in or rejection of spiritual values. The acquisition of material wealth is often equated with happiness in this country. This is confessedly today, and it was true during the 1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. That the majority of Americans believe that wealth and happiness are the same is a result of our market economy that encourages consumption and conditions us to think that we need material possessions to be happy. According to Andrew Bard Schmookler, Wealth and human fulfillment move over become equated in the predominant ideology of boastful society, even though the great spiritual teachers of humanity have all taught otherwise. (17) What happened to Gatsbys generation? The 20s were an age of a consumption ethic that was needed to provide markets for the new-made commodities that streamed from the production lines (Cowley, 53) . The same problem exists today ... our materialistic attitudes are a result of the free market economy in this country. Consumers are taught that they need to have all these things that the businesses are trying to sell. Its true that this desire for things is what drives our economy. The free market has given us great blessings, but it has in some ways as well as put us on the wrong path -- the path to a selfish, unhappy society. Michael Lerner, who worked as a psychotherapist to middle-income Americans notes that The problem is that the deprivation of meaning is a social problem, rooted in part in the dynamics of the competitive marketplace, in part in the materialism and selfishness that receive social sanction.... ...sterlin, Richard A. Does Economic ontogenesis Improve the Human Lot?. Nations and Households in Economic Growth Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. Eds. Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder. New York Academic Press, Inc. 1974 (89-125) Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1925. Kasser, Tim, and Richard M. Ryan. A sable Side of the American Dream Correlates of Financial Success as a Central Life Aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65.2 (1993) 410-13. Lerner, Michael. Gurus of Cynicism vs. the Politics of Meaning. Houston account 24 June 1993, 2 star ed. B11. Montagu, Ashley. Touching. 2nd ed. New York Harper & Row, 1978. Schmookler, Andrew Bard. The Insatiable Society Materialistic Values and Human Needs. The Futurist July 1991 17-23. Jofsengclarklcarolyns.doc