See the order instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See the order instruction - Essay Example As a result, cases are heard faster, relieving the judicial system of backlog cases. The court, through its discretion to waiver mandatory penalties, also ensures justice to defendants in cases where such mandatory penalties would be unjust. A robber may for example be in possession of a gun and even point it at the victims but may not have had a slightest intention of using such a weapon. The mandatory penalty would however assume that the defendant intended to use the weapon, leading to injustice to the defendant. The waiver court alternatively ensures justice as was held by judge Snite in Martin Lucas’ case. Another role of the waiver court is to attract cases from the formal jury courts by providing for the waiver. This reduces the number of cases for strict jury processes. The waiver court has the implication of reducing defendants’ possible penalties. This is however possible at the judge’s discretion though defense lawyers intimidate the waivers. An example of such implication was in the case of Wayne Nesmith who could have faced a mandatory life imprisonment under first-degree murder but ended up with a sentence of between ten to twenty years. The system however implies possible injustice to victims. This is because it considers non-legal aspects such as defendants’ goodwill and intimidation from the defense representatives at the expense of the victims’ justice. An example is the case of Nesmith who shot a victim six times at close range but still got a waiver. Lack of intention is highly questionable in the circumstances. The waiver court does not fulfill all the goals of the system that include retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation. While it fulfils retribution by recognizing defendants’ guilty plea to waiver mandatory sentences, it only partially meets the goals of deterrence and incapacitation that are

Intro to chinese culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Intro to chinese culture - Research Paper Example Doug Guthrie informs that Chinese government has taken three key measures to drive forward the economic reforms in China. The first was bringing in gradual reforms driven by state government in order to make China a global economy. The Chinese government introduced both external and internal economic policies. The second was the decentralization of economic decision-making while the third was to allow private economic sector to emerge to a certain extent without authorizing rapid privatization and keeping state owned industries as such. The industries continued to remain in governmental control, but the introduction of private sector initiated competition between industries that was healthy for the economy wholly. These three measures will be discussed in detail in the following sections. The Chinese government brought reforms on global level as well as on domestic level in order to strengthen China as a global economy. The economic reforms included creation of new institutions locally as well as internationally, creation of innovated industrial strategies, development of special economic zones to attract domestic and foreign investors to invest in China and adoption of trading, exporting and developmental strategies to represent China as an economy interested in investments from internal as well as external sector (Guthrie, 2009). Export-oriented coastal development strategy implemented by Zhao played a crucial role in creating China as a leading trading economy. With this reform policy, the coastal regions became more autonomous and provided solutions for two issues, which were â€Å"employment of the surplus labor from the rural areas and improvement in industrial competitiveness† (Guthrie, 2009, p. 113) along with generating income for industrial firms. The coastal development strategy facilitated Chinese economy in many ways such as converting it â€Å"into a primary producer of goods across a number of different sectors†, bringing in â€Å"huge infusion

Tiny Little Pieces Fiction pretending to be non-firction Essay

Tiny Little Pieces Fiction pretending to be non-firction - Essay Example Another thing that should be noted is the ability of writers to think about things that could likely take place in some years to come and compile these as works of fiction. Some writers even produce science fictions that are futuristic in nature and while some of these are not happening at the moment, they could be closely related to reality in years to come. These set of science fiction writers produce works based on the scientific developments on ground and try to use their works of fiction to predict what could likely take place in the nearest future. Thus, the closeness of fiction to reality is largely dependent on the writers’ imaginative strength and their ability to think outside the box. It is really very difficult to decide whether or not to call works of literature non-fiction when they are closely related to reality. As explained above, works of fiction are borne out of the imaginative power of the writer and they are works that describe make-believe people and even ts. Non-fictional works are writings that contain facts about the events that take place in reality and are not primarily based on the imaginative ability of the writer. According to Marcus, the differences between non-fictional and fictional narratives are illogical, because â€Å"fact or reality shares the same form as fiction or narrative† (244). There are actually some works of fiction that the fictional elements are used as symbols to represent the events that take place in reality and this means that these so called, ‘works of fiction’ have some elements of reality embedded in them. Though, the people and the events in these works of fiction could be closely related to the ones in reality, this does not necessarily mean that they could be called non-fictional works. As long as these works have some elements of imagination in them and the writers have not claimed that they are based on reality, they should still be termed as works of fiction. Hence, works of literature should not be called non-fiction, even though there are some elements of reality in these messages of fiction. There are some liberty authors that have tried to convert works of fiction into non-fiction and one of them is James Frey in his Million Little Pieces work. Several critics condemned James Frey for converting a fictional work into non-fiction in his Million Little Pieces. Though, Frey has claimed that he did this in order to present a compelling account of the things that he saw around him, but the fact that Frey made it look like he was the one that experienced the things that were presented in his book leaves little to be desired. It is clear that Frey did these in order to arouse the emotions of the readers, but this is actually against the ethics of writing. Frey’s inability or refusal to acknowledge the real source represents another dimension of plagiarism, which is an abuse against writing ethics. It was even after the book had received wide acclai m that it was discovered that Frey invented the major events in the book and he never really experienced them. The fact that Frey tried to convert a work of fiction into n

Land Law - Land lease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law - Land lease - Essay Example In Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust1, have upheld the existence of contractual, non-proprietary rights lease where the landlord has no proprietary estate from which to grant a proprietary lease. However, it must be created in the proper manner and it must satisfy the definition contained in LPA 1925 s. 205(1)(xxvii). The 1925 scheme was reformed in 1986 (Land Registration Act 1986) and again by the 2002 Act, which has been accused of introducing yet more confusion to the law of leases. There are 3 kinds of lease, legal lease, equitable lease and tenancies by estoppel. Legal lease created by deed, this includes periodic tenancies (LPA 1925 SS. 52, 54). Due to the doctrine of Walsh v Lonsdale2, a contract for a lease operates as an equitable lease without any further action being necessary. The LP (MP) A3 1989 s. 2 supersedes s. 40 of the LPA 1925. A tenancy by estopple operates where the landlord has no title to the land when a lease is granted. The LRA 2002 has made substantial changes to the formalities required for leases, most of which require registration or protection on the land register. Three types of lease are recognised by the 2002 Act: Most leases, which fall outside the scope of compulsory first registration, can be enforced either if protected by a notice on the register or if they fall within the overriding category. ... Leases requiring protection by a notice on the register. Short leases, which override the register. Most leases, which fall outside the scope of compulsory first registration, can be enforced either if protected by a notice on the register or if they fall within the overriding category. The ultimate aim is for as many interests as possible to be entered on the registered. But Leases of three years or shorter cannot be protected by notice and so are 'only' overriding. Short leases (not exceeding seven years) can override the register. Where the tenant is in actual occupation, this protects his Leases on first registration (Sched. 1 para. 2), or on a transfer either under the 'old' law (LRA 1925 s.70 (1)(g)) or the LRA 2002 (Sched. 3 para. 2). In Street v Mountford4, Lord Templeman suggested that there are three characteristics of a lease, these are exclusive possession, a determinate period, for a rent or other consideration. Exclusive possession means that the tenant has control over any one who enters the premises and can exclude everyone, including the landlord. There will be no exclusive possession if: the landlord is entitled to move the occupier at any time from one room to another according to Westminister city Council v Clarke5, there was held to be no exclusive possession. Someone merely has exclusive occupation, such as a hotel guest or a student in a university hall of residence or a resident in a nursing home (Abbeyfield) (Harpenden) Society Ltd v Woods6; In Marcou v De Silvesa7 the agreement required the landlord to provide services. There may be exclusive possession even if: In Aslan v Murphy 8 the landlord retains a set of keys. In Antoniades v

All Fungi Are Not the Same Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

All Fungi Are Not the Same - Essay Example Basidiomycota phylum develops through sexual means. Basidiospores are formed on club-shaped structures known as basidia. A terminal hyphal cell produces spores called basidium. In this phylum, asexual reproduction occurs, but occasionally. Some of its typical examples include the mushrooms rusts and toadstools. The Zygomycota phylum develops by both sexual and asexual means. They have thallus, which is composed of hyphae, which elongates through the growth of a tip. Multinucleate hyphae do not have septa except for the reproductive structures. When hyphae fuse, this directly leads to the formation of a zygote. In the process of zygote formation, meiosis occurs shortly before it germinates. The typical examples of the phylum include the Rhizopus commonly referred to as the black bread mold. As Vandenkoornhuyse, et al. (2002) observes, generally, fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals. As heterotrophic organisms that are devoid of chlorophyll, they obtain their nutrients through absorption. Glycogen is the primary carbohydrate stored in fungi. Fungi excrete enzymes into their food source and live within an external digestion. Ascomycota live in specific locations often forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots, stems, leaves and algae to obtain nutrients. Basidiomycota are mutualistic symbionts and obtain nutrients from living hosts, roots, vascular plants and insects. They obtain sugars and nutrients produced through photosynthesis. Zygomycota makes use of light regulation for its development and growth. Light directs the growth of structures and activates the metabolic pathways. Zygomycetes grow in a wide range of environments and temperatures, with some growing in aerobic conditions. However, most are terrestrial meaning that they g row in liquid culture, at salty concentrations and high water activities to obtain nutrients. They can also be found in decaying animal and

Animal Cruelty Essay Example for Free

Animal Cruelty Essay Today I am going to talk to you about innocent animals who have been uncared for, neglected and most of all subjected to cruelty. If you didn’t know already, the RSPCA stands for The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This is the world’s oldest animal welfare organization; originally set up just to look after farm animals, later expanding to include all animals. A group leader founded this organisation in 1824 by the name of Richard Martin who was an MP. But in reality his name doesn’t compare to what I’m going to tell you. First of all let’s start off with the reality. Despite British people being known as animal lovers these figures will shock you. The RSPCA receive approximately one phone call every 25 seconds each year – most sharing animal cruelty stories and asking for help. Every year roughly 140,000 animal cruelty complaints are investigated and out of that number 3000 were found guilty. More statistics include, 143,000 animals are rescued and collected, 214,000 are treated and helped and 70,000 animals were found new homes. After all the RSPCA have files upon files of stories so sad that I would be surprised if anyone could remain unaffected by them. The exact details of the 200 starving dogs remain unclear but the main facts wre uncovered by the RSPCA and police. Inspectors from the RSPCA found 204 starving dogs crammed in a filthy shed after an elderly woman had died. The Yorkshire terriers were in complete darkness, dripping in urine and piled in plastic travel boxes so full excrement the dogs had to crouch 3 inches from the top of the box. Six pups had died and one had been half eaten by littermates. What am I supposed to add to this? Well, some lost eyes because of infections, others couldn’t stand up properly because they were used to such terrible conditions. The pet charity that found them said that â€Å"the stench was unbearable, dead pups had melted into the floor, some had tumours like footballs, most hadn’t seen daylight†. The windowless 60ft shed was in the back garden of an elderly woman who shockingly lived in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex. Rescuers said it showed years of neglect and suffering of these poor innocent puppies. As soon as they were discovered the RSPCA spent weeks trying to re-home the dogs. This shows that the RSPCA are a well worth charity Rescuers said it showed years of neglect. But one of Mrs Stevens’s three sons, Chris, said: â€Å"She loved the animals. † Charities are trying to rehome the dogs. How on earth can this womans son say she loved animals? It makes me sick to my stomach that people can treat any animal in this way. There should be stronger punishments for people that neglect or cause harm to any animal there are no excuses! I only hope that all of the dogs find warm loving homes. Neglect and abandonment are the most common forms of companion animal abuse in the United States. Just imagine that 1 in 3 animals are uncared for, if you look around here in this room that could be you. Just recently you may have seen in the news a women was caught picking up a cat and dumping it into a council bin. Why would anyone want to do that!

The Potential Pros And Cons Of Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay

The Potential Pros And Cons Of Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay What is the reason behind recycle? Using less money is behind think the desire to save money, energy and earths resources is the main reason behind recycling. As is well known that the less energy is used the less pollution is released by factories. What is the importance of Recycling? We can summarize the importance of Recycling by the following points: saving energy saving land space saving money creating new jobs reducing air and water pollution preserving habitat for wildlife. For the above mentioned reasons you should make recycling as a habit in your daily life. Saving energy: Producing new materials takes more energy than using recycled materials. We can use the paper as an example, creating paper from new woodland cost more energy than recycle paper from waste materials, since there will be no need to cut down a new tree to process the wood from the tree and make it into paper. The most attractive thing is that energy from non-renewable resources is protected and saved for future generations therefore, money will be saved which means more competitively priced goods, and on the other hand pollution and missions are reduced when less energy is used. When we transfer the above information in to numbers we find that production of recycled paper uses 80% less water and 65% less energy, and produces 95% less air pollution than virgin paper production. 2 -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’ Air Pollution and Water Pollution Noxious gases and chemicals are released by decomposing waste at landfill sites. And it is very well known that gas and chemicals create air pollution Air pollution . And when chemicals leach into the groundwater this creates water pollution and our water is contaminated . It is noticed that in 2000, recycling of solid waste prevented the release of 32.9 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE, the unit of measure for greenhouse gases) into the air.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’ (Recycling-Guide) We are able to breathe cleaner air and drink cleaner water if we could prevent pollution by using recycling centers instead of landfills. Additional Benefits Preserving wildlife is a result of recycling, because fewer trees are cut down to make virgin material or to make space landfills, habitat for wildlife remains. More habitats for animals mean less animal extinction. It obvious that recycling is important and it can makes a difference. We may not be able to solve our landfill and pollution problems anytime soon, but at least we can help keep them from getting worse. Recycling is simple it might start by taking paper or plastic or both to a recycling bin near your home and no need to drive or to waste your time or your gas. You can make it a habit that in your shopping you can fill up your car with your box of recyclable paper and dump it at the recycling bin near the store especially that many grocery stores now have these bins available or even start in your neighborhoods curbside recycling program. Recycling helps conserve energy and reduce the consumption of natural resources. And it is the best way to save the environment and avoid environmental harm. You can make useful items from used plastic bottles, glass, and newspapers. Recycling has positive effects such as : 1- Recycling Preserves the Environment Protecting the environment is processed by recycling . For example we as the demand for paper increases, a number of trees are being cut to produce paper since the demand for paper increases. We can prevent the destruction of forests by recycling paper. We can notice how number of forests is being destroyed to meet the ever increasing demand of paper. Recycling a ton of mixed paper or newspaper is equivalent to saving 12 trees by this way we can save our natural resources. 3 2- Recycling Saves Energy Recycling used materials reduces energy requirements in many manufacturing processes such as refining and mining. Recycling materials like aluminum and glass can greatly reduce the pressure on energy resources. 3- Recycling Reduces Pollution Hazardous substances in the form of plastics, empty cans, chemicals and ordinary waste contaminate our environment and cause pollution. Plastic recycling is an effective solution for the pollution of soil and water which is caused by the Plastic waste. Using materials from the plastic waste by recycling process can be used in manufacturing industry. Environment can also be polluted by greenhouse gas emissions which were found that this recycling 35,116 tons of material could be equivalent of taking 22,140 cars off road and this could help to mitigate global warming effects. Recycling material requires less amount of energy therefore by Manufacturing plastics and paper from recycled material save our environment than making them from new or virgin materials which also need transport this virgin materials and Transportation means using vehicles that run on fuels like diesel and gasoline. It is very well known that fuels are considered the main source of green gas emissions. In this case recycling means less fuel being utilized and lower amount of carbon dioxide will be released into the environment. 4- Negative Effects of Recycling There can be a few harmful effects of recycling, if the sites where recycling is done, are not managed properly. Which means that those sites can become unhygienic as a result of collecting lot of debris every day for recycling? The surrounding environment can be severely damaged by the abandoned dump sited, a poisonous mixture knows as leachate will be formed and it is highly dangerous if it reached the water supplies. The water and soil can be mixed by the harmful chemicals in the trash then mixed with rainwater which falls on open dumps which will percolate deep into the ground and pollutes the ground water. Paper recycling can be a bit costly, as additional industrial processes such as bleaching, are required to make the paper reusable. There is no guarantee that the new recycled product obtained will be of good quality. This is because recycling involves manufacturing products from used materials. Protecting the environment is processed by recycling. For example we as the demand for paper increases, a number of trees are being cut to produce paper. 4 Due to the use of harsh chemicals in the process of bleaching and this can cause health problems on exposure. It is quite difficult to recycle all the material such as find plastic convenient for everyday use because there different kinds of plastic and one has to sort them systematically so as make a useful recycled product. One cannot simply manufacture a new product by combining different kinds of plastic. Still it is observed that different kinds of plastic and one has to sort them systematically so as make a useful recycled product. One cannot simply manufacture a new product by combining different kinds of plastic. It is obvious that taking everyday trash to the nearest recycling center can make a positive impact on the environment therefore everyone must take the initiative to recycle waste material in order to preserve and protect our planet, The Cairo Slum is an example of Recycle success A local school funded by Procter Gamble teaches the urban poor how to recycle plastics. Thomas Taha Rassam Culhane is the founder of Solar Cities, it is an organization that install solar hot-water heaters on the rooftops of Coptic Christian and Muslim communities in Cairos slums. Zamalek is in Cairo , a lush island neighborhood in the Nile, is the heart of the citys upscale area and it is thrives with tourists and commerce. Residents have learned to make a living off the trash from Zamalek and other parts of the Egyptian City. The Zabaleen , an Arabic word means in English garbage collectors, who used to gather and recycle Cairos garbage by their own hands for decades. Tens of thousands of these people took home to a place called Manshiyet Nasser ,which is a narrow dirt streets and precariously built houses, as a place for them to live in. A closer look at primarily Coptic Christian community reveals that Al Zabaleen means of survival may seem lowly but it reveals that something greater is going on here. The Zabaleen, like people living in poor countries around the world, are on the front lines of climate change. The United Nations last year Cited Egypt as an example, and reported that greenhouse gas emissions will have disproportionately negative effects on the planets most impoverished nations. Thomas Taha Rassam Culhane, the founder of Solar Cities and studying for his doctorate in urban planning at UCLA, has a nongovernmental organization that is installing environment-friendly solar hot-water heaters on the rooftops of Coptic Christian and Muslim communities in Cairos slums, says that people in Manshiyet Nasser, environmental degradation is already a reality and they are already living in the worst of it and they dont want to see it getting any worse. 5 Culhane, says although poor people like the Zabaleen dont leave a large carbon footprint because their individual energy use is low but they create a problem for the economy and this should attract an International Attention because the power they do use is subsidized by the government. The Zabaleen are using small vehicles and donkey carts, they haul massive bundles of trash from Cairo and about 80 percent of the garbage they bring into the community is recycled by hand. Picture of children as young as three sitting with their mothers and grandmothers and sorting through broken glass, scraps of metal, aluminum cans, dirty diapers and rotted food is a very normal scene in Cairo. One of the women sorting through piles of refuse saying that she is working all the time and that her hands getting dirty theres no water. She is stating that the food is expensive and gas prices are seven pounds a bottle so they can not afford buying for heat and this why she work such like this. Culhane says that few years ago the Egyptian government decided to privatize the countrys waste-management system, threatening the Zabaleen way of life. But because of Cairos narrow streets foreign companies ,hired to do the job, found that their garbage trucks couldnt do the job stating the donkeys can do such job and therefore the slums residents still collecting much of the citys trash. Several years ago, UNESCO and Procter Gamble began investing in an informal recycling school, officially called the Mokattam Non-Formal Education Project. after the Zabaleens efforts have attracted attention from the international community. The Culhane says counterfeiters used to sift through garbage, take Procter Gamble shampoo bottles, fill them with cheaper products and resell them. In order to get the bottles off the streets, , the Cincinnati-based company agreed to fund the school and help the community learn how to recycle plastic. Now days, the school serves as a center where young people can learn about the business and economics of recycling and it is colorfully painted with PG shampoo bottles. Students are trained to use Excel spreadsheets, and they learn how to shred plastic in machines, wash and dry it using solar energy, bag it and send it out to be melted down for reuse.